Memristor Spice Model For Designing Memristor Circuits Economics Essay

Memristor Spice Model For Designing Memristor Circuits Economics Essay Memristors are novel electronic devices, a device that can be used and give a great advantage in many applications such as memory, logic, neuromorphic systems and so on. A computer model of the memristor would be a useful tool to analysis circuit behavior to help in develops application of this memristor as passive circuit element via simulation. In this paper, we incorporate a memristor SPICE for designing memristor circuit which is more focusing on non-linear model and analog circuits. SPICE model would be appropriate way to describe real device operation. We incorporating the memristor with various window functions that have been proposed in non linear ion drift memristor devices. In investigating and characterizing the physical electronic and behavioral properties of memristor devices, the circuit analysis of the proposed memristor models are then been studied. The simulation output should have a current-voltage hysteresis curve, which looks like bow tie. The loops map the switch ing behavior of the device. Then, we come out with a simple analog circuit which in this case we construct a simple integrator op-amp and differentiator op-amp circuit and make comparison between memristor implemented circuit and normal circuit. The research verifies the proposed memristor model, the possibilities of implementing memristor model and the advantage implementing the memristor in analog circuit. Keywords memristor, SPICE model, non linear, window functions, analog circuit. Introduction Memristor is the contraction of memory resistor which is a passive device that provides a functional relation between charge and flux. It is a two-terminal circuit element in which the flux between the two terminals is a function of the amount of electric charge that has passed through the device [1]. A memristor is said to be charge-controlled if the relation between flux and charge is expressed as a function of electric charge and it is said to be flux-controlled if the relation between flux and charge is expressed as a function of the flux linkage [2]. In 1971, Leon Chua proposed that there should be a fourth fundamental passive circuit element to create a mathematical relationship between electric charge and magnetic flux which he called the memristor which is short for memory resistor [2]. The current is defined as the time derivative of the charge. The voltage is defined as the time derivative of the flux according the faraday law. A resistor is defined by the relationship between voltage and current dv=Rdi, the capacitor is defined by the relationship between charge and voltage dq=Cdv, the inductor is defined by the relationship between flux and current dà Ã¢â‚¬  =Ldi. The fourth fundamental circuit element completes the symmetry of the relation between charge and magnetic flux dà Ã¢â‚¬  =Mdq. Table 1 show the relationship between the fundamental circuit element. Basic two terminal devices Equation Relationship between fundamental circuit element Resistor,R dv=Rdi v and i Capacitor,C dq=Cdv v and q Inductor,L dà Ã¢â‚¬  =Ldi i and à Ã¢â‚¬   Memristor,M dà Ã¢â‚¬  =Mdq q and à Ã¢â‚¬   Table 1: The four fundamental element (resistor, capacitor, inductor and memristor). In 2008, Stanley Williams and his team at Hewlett Packard had succesfully fabricated the first memristor in physical device form which is a long wait from Leon Chua discovery in 1971 [3]. Memristance is a property of memristor. When the charge flows in one direction through a circuit, the resistances of the memristor increase. The resistance decreases when the charge flows in the opposite direction in the circuit. If the applied voltage is turned off, thus stopping the flow of charge and the memristor remembers the last resistance that it had [1]. In HP memristor model, to create a memristor, they used a very thin film of titanium dioxide (TiO2). The thin film is then sandwiched between the two platinum (Pt) contacts. One side of TiO2 is doped with oxygen vacancies denoted as TiO2-x which x is usually 0.05. The oxygen vacancies are positively charged ion and make it conductive, thus it behaves as a semiconductor. Another side of the TiO2 junction is undoped. The undoped region has insulating properties. The device established by HP is shown in Figure 1 [3]. Figure 1: Memristor model adapt from [3]. When a positive voltage is applied, the positively charged oxygen vacancies in the doped TiO2-x layer are repelled and moving them towards to the undoped TiO2 layer. When the boundary between the two materials moves, the percentage of the conducting TiO2-x layer is increase. Thus, the conductivity of the whole device increases. When a negative voltage is applied, the positively charged oxygen vacancies are attracted and pulling them out of TiO2 layer. This increases the amount of insulating TiO2, thus increasing the resistivity of the whole device. When the voltage is turned off, the oxygen vacancies do not move. The boundary between the two titanium dioxide layers is frozen. This is how the memristor remembers the voltage last applied [1]. Methodology Our aim in this research is to provide a simulation program adequately simulates and can be used as a circuit element in design work. To model the electrical characteristics of the memristor, SPICE would be appropriate way to describe real device operation [4]. Moreover, using the model as a sub-circuit can highly guarantee a reasonable high flexibility and scalability features [5]. We use LTSPICE to create a memristor model and design new symbol of the memristor circuit for the simulation because LTSPICE is much easier to handle compared to others. On the other hand, LTSPICE is a freeware and it will give a great advantage to the students in doing research for this newly devices. We use SPICE model that been adapt from [6] and we made some adjustment so we can use it for several window functions that has been proposed for non linear ion drift model. The SPICE model is created based on the mathematical model of the HP Labs memristor. After the memristor has been modeled, we first studied the difference between proposed memristor and then we will start design and implement the memristor with an analog circuit. We also investigate and made a comparison between the memristor circuit with analog circuit to see the difference and study the behavior of the circuits. Model Of The Memristor from HP Labs In the model of a memristor presented here, there is a thin semiconductor film that has two regions, one with a high concentration of dopant that behaves like a low resistance called RON and the other with a low dopant concentration with higher resistance called ROFF [3]. The film is sandwiched between two metal contacts as in figure 1. The total resistance of the memristor, RMEM, is a sum of the resistances of the doped and undoped regions, w is the width of the doped region and D is the total length of the TiO2 layer. ROFF and RON will be the limit values of the memristor resistance for w=0 and w=D. The ratio of the two resistances is usually given as 102 103. (1) (2) From the ohms law relation between the memristor voltages and current, we get (3) Then, we insert (1) into (3). The voltage v(t) across the device will move the boundary between the two regions causing the charged dopants to drift. So, there is a drift ion mobility  µv in the device. The change of the boundary is denoted as in (5). (4) (5) To get x(t), we then integrates the right side of equation (5) which then yields the following formula (6) By inserting equation (6) into equation (4) and since usually RON (7) Where  µv is the average drift velocity and has the units cm2/sV, D is the thickness of titanium-dioxide film ROFF and RON are on-state and off-state resistances and q(t) is the total charge passing through the memristor device. Non Linear Ion Drift Model Even a small voltage across the nanodevices will produce a large electric field [7]. This causing the ion boundary position will move in a decidedly non-linear. Nonlinear dopant drift adds nonlinear window function f(x) to the state equation. The window function decreases as the state variables drift speed approaches the boundaries until it reaches zero when reaching either boundaries [8]. The speeds of the movement of the boundary between the doped and undoped regions are depending on several factors. (8) Where  µv is the dopant mobility. The speed of the boundary between the doped and undoped regions decreases gradually to zero at the film edges [1]. We simulate the nonlinear ion drift memristor model with these window function to see the difference and the issue that been faced by them. Window Function Window function is a function of the state variable. Window function forces the bounds of the device and to add nonlinear behavior close to these bounds. In other words, it creates the boundary for the memristor. Any effective window function should therefore fulfill the following conditions [8]: Take into account the boundary conditions at the top and bottom electrodes of the device; Be capable of imposing nonlinear drift over the entire active core of the device; Provide linkage between the linear and nonlinear dopant drift models; Be scalable, meaning a range of fmax(x) can be obtained such that 0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ fmax(x) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 1; Utilize a built-in control parameter for adjusting the model. There are several window functions that have been proposed for non-linear model till date which are by Strukov, Joglekar and, Biolek, and Prodromakis. Strukov proposed the following window function [3]. (9) However, as we can see in the figure 2, this window function lacks of flexibility. Figure 2: Plot of Strukov window function. Another window function was proposed by Joglekar [4], which has a control parameter p which is a positive integer. The purpose of having a control parameter as an exponent is to incorporate scalability and flexibility in window function f(x) that describes the dopant kinetics. (10) Figure 3 displays a graphical representation of the window function described by Joglekar for various p parameter (p=1, 5 and 10). This control parameter controls the linearity of the model, where it becomes more linear as p increases. This window function ensures zero drift at the boundaries. From the plotted graph, we noticed that the maximum f(x) value is occurs at the center of the device and zero is obtained at two boundaries. However, a significant liability of this model lies in the fact that if w hits any of the boundaries (w = 0 or w = D) the state of the device cannot be further adjusted. This will be from now on termed as the terminal state problem. Figure 3: Plot of Joglekar window function for p=1, 5 and 10. Then, Biolek proposed another window function that allows the memristor to come back from the terminal state problem. (11) The reversed bias is now should move back the state variable after it reaches either boundary. This feature is described by a current dependent step function, stp(i), which is a part of a new window function f(x) that behaves differently in each voltage bias direction. (12) Figure 4: Plot of Biolek window function for p=1, 5 and 10. Figure 4 displays a graphical representation of the window function described by Biolek for various p parameter (p=1, 5 and 10). When x starts at 0, we noticed that the function equal to 1. As x increase approaching D, the function approaches 0. Once the current reverse the direction, the function immediately switch to 1. As x decrease back to 0, the function also decreases to 0. Biolek window function eliminates convergence issues at the devices boundaries. The last window function for non-linear model is proposed by Prodromakis [8]. (13) Figure 5 displays a graphical representation of the window function described by Prodromakis for various p parameter (p=1, 5 and 10). As we can see, it allows the window function to scale upwards which implies that fmax(x) can take any value within 0 Figure 5: Plot of Prodromakis window function for p=1, 5 and 10. SPICE Model of Memristor Figure 6: Stucture of the SPICE model from [6]. In the above circuit in figure 6, VMEM is the input voltage and Imem is modeled to be the current through the memristor. The flux is calculated by integrating the voltage VMEM and the charge is calculated by integrating the current IMEM. Figure 7: Resistive port of the memristor model. As we can see in figure 7, the circuit is actually referred to total resistor RMEM. RMEM (x) = ROFF -xà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  R where à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  R= ROFF-RON. ROFF is the resistor in series voltage source whose terminal voltage is controlled by the formula -xà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  R. Figure 8: Differential equation modeling of the memristor. Figure 8 shows the differential equation modeling of the memrsitor. It consist a part of the voltage controlled source xà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  R and the differential equation from equation (6) which serves as an integrator of the quantities on the right side of the state equation (6) which is to get the value of normalize x. EMEM is the voltage source whose terminal voltage is controlled according to the formula -xà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  R. GX is a current source whose current is controlled according to the equation IMEMf(V(x)) where V(x) is the voltage across the capacitor Cx and it models the normalized width x of the doped layer. F(V(x)) is the window function, k is  µvRON/D2 and x0 is the initial voltage of the capacitor.[6]. The relation between memristor current and voltage is modeled as on the basis of RMEM (x) = ROFF -xà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  R where à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  R= ROFF-RON. The voltage V(x) across the capacitor CX models the normalized width x of the doped layer. The initial state of x is modeled by the initial voltage of the capacitor. The flux is calculated by the time-integral of voltage, and the charge is calculated by the time-integral of current. Result and Discussion All models were simulated in LTSpice using SPICE model that was given in [6], we add new nonlinear window functions that was proposed by prodromakis and strukov to the model and compare all suggested window functions. memristor Figure 9: Memristor circuit. Figure 9 shows configuration of single memristor for measuring the behavior of memristor model in LTSPICE with a sine wave input voltage of 1.2V with 1Hz frequency. The values for the memristor parameters  µv, D, RON, ROFF and RINITIAL are 10-10cm2s-1V-1, 10 nm, 100ohm, 16kohm and 11Kohm. All model are using same window function parameter p=10. C:UsersFadzDesktopresultstrukovstrukov1.png Figure 10: Strukov memristor model voltage, IMEM, RMEM and normalized x. Figure 10 shows the simulation result of memristor SPICE model for Strukov window function of voltage, IMEM, RMEM and normalized x. As we can see, the current of the memristor, IMEM is varying up to approximately 100 µA for maximum of 1.2V voltage applied. The RMEM for this model show that the values are in range of 11kOhm till 12kohm which means the effect of the voltage applied to the memristor only give slightly changes on the value of the memristor. Noticed that when positive voltage is applied, the conductivity of the device increases thus the memristance is decrease. When negative voltage is applied, the resistivity of the device increase thus the memristance is also increase. This verifies the memristive system on the device. In normalize x graph, we also noticed that the normalized x is at higher state in the beginning. Figure 11 shows the I-V characteristic of the devices and the relationship between charge and flux. The charge and flux curve curves confirms the well known fact that there is a one-to-one correspondence between them in spite of the 1-4 hysteresis effect. Strukov memristor shows lack of flexibility of controlling the device. C:UsersFadzDesktopresultstrukovstrukov4.png Figure 11: Strukov memristor model I-V loop hysteresis and relationship of charge and flux. C:UsersFadzDesktopresultjoglekarjoglekar1.png Figure 12: Joglekar memristor model voltage, IMEM, RMEM and normalized x. Joglekar window function seems to be promising as the existence of controlling parameter. Figure 12 shows the simulation result of memristor SPICE model for Joglekar window function of voltage, IMEM, RMEM and normalized x. Same as strukov memristor, when positive voltage is applied, the conductivity of the device increases thus the memristance is decrease. When negative voltage is applied, the resistivity of the device increase thus the memristance is also increase. The current of the memristor, IMEM is varying up to approximately 300 µA for maximum of 1.2V voltage applied. Joglekar window function give higher current compared to others. It shows that the current in the memristor are much easier to move. The RMEM are within range of nearly 0ohm to 11kohm which give full range of value for the memristor. Figure 13 show the I-V hysteresis loop of the devices and the relationship between charge and flux. The switching behavior is much more sensitive on the voltage level than Strukov w indow function. But, in term of stability, Joglekar window function cannot perform for an arbitrary length of time. This failure is caused by the convergence issue where when the memristor reach w=0 or w=D, the state of the device cannot be further adjusted. C:UsersFadzDesktopresultjoglekarjoglekar4.png Figure 13: Joglekar memristor model I-V loop hysteresis and relationship of charge and flux. Biolek window functions are supposed to solve terminal state problem as in literature [4]. It should solve the boundry problem of the terminal state. Figure 14 and 15 shows the simulation result of memristor SPICE model for Biolek window function. The current of the memristor, IMEM is varying up to approximately 220 µA for maximum of 1.2V voltage applied. The RMEM are within range of nearly 1kohm to 11kohm. Figure 15 show the I-V hysteresis loop of the devices and the relationship between charge and flux. From the figures, we observe that the biolek memristor preserve the highly non-linear device characteristic behavior. In addition, Bioleks model allows for general asymmetric I-V device behavior modeling. C:UsersFadzDesktopresultbiolekbiolek1.png Figure 14: Biolek memristor model voltage, IMEM, RMEM and normalized x. C:UsersFadzDesktopresultbiolekbiolek4.png Figure 15: Biolek memristor model I-V loop hysteresis and relationship of charge and flux. Prodromakis window functions are also said to solve the boundry issue. Figure 16 shows the simulation result of memristor SPICE model for Joglekar window function of voltage, IMEM, RMEM and normalized x. The current of the memristor, IMEM is varying up to approximately nearly 180 µA for maximum of 1.2V voltage applied. The RMEM are within range of nearly 3kohm to 11kohm. C:UsersFadzDesktopresultprodromakisprodromakis1.png Figure 16: Prodromakis memristor model voltage, IMEM, RMEM and normalized x. Figure 17 show the I-V hysteresis loop of the devices and the relationship between charge and flux. The hysteresis loop is shown to be asymmetrical while the OFF state of the device is highly non-linear compared with other. C:UsersFadzDesktopresultprodromakisprodromakis4.png Figure 17: Prodromakis memristor model I-V loop hysteresis and relationship of charge and flux. In comparing of I-V characteristic hysteresis loop, as we can see in figure 18, it shows all hysteresis loops for all proposed window functions. By using same parameter we can see the difference in each model. Joglekar window function seems to have a strong memristance compared to others.All models seem to be a good approximation of the measurement of the real memristor produces by HP Labs. But, Prodromakis memristor model satisfies all the prerequisites and improves on the shortcomings of existing models. C:UsersFadzDesktopresultall iv loop hysteresisiv hysteresis loop all.png Figure 18: I-V Hysteresis Loop for all models. C:UsersFadzDesktopresultdiff parameterprodromakis p=1, p=5, p=10.png Figure 19: Prodromakis I-V Hysteresis Loop when p=1, p=5 and p=10. Then, we try change the parameter of p of the model. In this case, we use prodromakis memristor model and change the value of integer p=1, p=5 and p=10 to see the difference. As we can see in figure 19, as the value of p is increase, the hysteresis is shrinking. Similar with changing the parameter p, figure 20 also confirm that the hysteresis shrinks at higher frequencies. C:UsersFadzDesktopresultdiff frequency1hz-5hz.png Figure 20: Prodromakis I-V Hysteresis Loop when frequency f=1Hz, f=2Hz and f=5Hz. In term of power dissipation, as we simulates our results. We can get the value of maximum IMEM for each model. We can calculate the power by using P=IV equation. Table 2 show the maximum power dissipation for each memristor. Memristor model Max IMEM,  µA Power, W Strukov 100 µA 120 µW Joglekar 300  µA 360 µW Biolek 220 µA 264 µW Prodromakis 180  µA 216 µW Table 2: IMEM and Power dissipation for all at the memristor. As in table 2, we can see that the Strukov model give lowest power which is 120 µW while Joglekar model give much higher power dissipation which is about 360 µW compared to the others. We also noticed that as the memristor model is improves, the power become lesser. Prodromakis give quite good power dissipation which is 216 µW as the best windows function and model as till now. In implementing memristor with analog circtuit, we pick a two simple analog circuit to be tested. Figure 21 shows the SPICE topology of the memristor based integrator op amplifier with the input voltage Vp-p=2.4V from -1.2V to 1.2V and C1=25 µF. Using the memristor model that we create earlier with various types of window functions, we see the difference on the simulated result on each model. The values for the memristor parameters are same for all model with uv, D, RON, ROFF and RINITIAL are 10-10cm2s-1V-1, 10nm, 100ohm, 16kohm and 11Kohm. memristor integrator op amp Figure 21: Memristor Implemented Integrator Circuit C:UsersFadzDesktopresultintegrator+ve integrator .png Figure 22: Positive Integrator simulation C:UsersFadzDesktopresultintegrator-ve integrator .png Figure 23: Negative Integrator simulation Figure 22 and 23 shows the simulation result for the implemented memristor integrator op amplifier for positive input and negative input respectively. In this case, we implement prodromakis memristor to the integrator circuit. As we know, the integrator acts like a storage element that produces a  voltage  output which is proportional to the integral of its input voltage with respect to time. The magnitude of the output signal is determined by the length of time a voltage is present at its input as the  current  through the  feedback loop  charges or discharges the  capacitor  as the required  negative feedback  occurs through the capacitor. For positive starting input, we vary the voltage from 1.2V down to -1.2V and going back to 1.2V over time. When positive voltage are applied in the beginning, the output voltage tend to discharge and drop from 0V to negative voltage and charging back to 0V when the input voltage are drop to negative voltage. The output for neg ative voltage applied from starting point give a vice versa result. The charging and discharge are depends the voltage applied over time and the value of the capacitor. We can say the memristor models give quite good result for an integrator. Figure 24: Memristor Implemented Differentiator Circuit. C:UsersFadzDesktopresultdifferentiatordifferentiator.png Figure 25: Saw tooth input of Memristor implemented differentiator op-amp simulation. Figure 25 shows the simulation result for the implemented memristor differentiator op amplifier. We are using prodromakis memristor model for the memristor implementation. As we know, for differentiator op-amp, the magnitude of its output is determined by the rate at which the voltage is applied to its input changes. The faster the input voltage changes, the greater the output voltage becomes. If a saw tooth input signal is applied to the input of the differentiator op-amp a square wave signal will be produced. As we can see in figure 25, the simulation shows a quite good result for differentiator. We also noticed some spikes at the output voltage. Each spikes occurs only occurs the brief moment the saw tooth is changing from one level to the next. The voltage spikes represent a temporary output voltage. Conclusion As a conclusion to this research is that it could bring a new light of familiarization in the integration of memristive components in any kinds of electronic devices that are at nanoscale. It is useful to have a computer model of the memristor as a tool for the analysis of the behavior of the circuits in developing application of this memristor as passive circuit element via simulation. SPICE model will definitely help us to conduct interesting simulation experiments and can be of great importance for such a research in future while the memristor are still hard to fabricate to study the behavior of the circuit. Different models with strong behavior and reason give a lot of benefits in development purpose to create the possibilities of the implementation in an integrated circuit. The possibilities for implementation of the memristor with analog circuit are wide open. Appendix .SUBCKT memristor plus minus PARAMS: + Ron=100 Roff=16K Rinit=11K D=10N uv=10F p=10 *********************************************** * DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION MODELING * *********************************************** Gx 0 x value={ I(Emem)*uv*Ron/D**2*f(V(x),p)} Cx x 0 1 IC={(Roff-Rinit)/(Roff-Ron)} Raux x 0 1T * RESISTIVE PORT OF THE MEMRISTOR * *********************************************** Emem plus aux value={-I(Emem)*V(x)*(Roff-Ron)} Roff aux minus {Roff} *********************************************** *Flux computation* *********************************************** Eflux flux 0 value={SDT(V(plus,minus))} *********************************************** *Charge computation* *********************************************** Echarge charge 0 value={SDT(I(Emem))} *********************************************** * WINDOW FUNCTIONS * FOR NONLINEAR DRIFT MODELING * *********************************************** *proposed by joglekar ;.func f(x,p)={1-(2*x-1)**(2*p)} *proposed by biolek ;.func f(x,i)={1-(x-stp(-i))**(2*p)} *proposed by prodromakis ;.func f(x,p)={1-(((x-0.5)**2)+0.75)**p} *proposed by strukov .func f(x,p)={x-x*2} .ENDS memristor Acknowledgment This paper participates in the IEEE Student Conference Research Development SCORED 2012. The author would like to thank Dr. Wan Fazlida Hanim bte Abdullah for being supervisor in this final year project. The author also would like to thank Universiti Teknologi MARA for funding the research work through the Excellence Fund Grant 600-RMI/ST/DANA 5/3/RIF(360/2012).

Strength and Weaknesses of Ontological Argument

The Ontological Argument was, and still is, a hot-topic for debate among philosophers; many famous philosophers have published criticisms of the theory including Immanuel Kant and St. Thomas Aquinas. This obviously raises questions regarding whether or not this argument works.While there is no clear-cut answer to these questions, I personally believe that the negatives of this argument outweigh the positives, thereby making it a weak argument. The first published criticism of Anselm’s Ontological Argument was from Gaunilo in his book In Behalf of the Fool (making reference to the fool in the book of psalms who didn’t believe in God).While Gaunilo was a firm believer in God (and was in fact a monk), he disagreed strongly with Anselm’s method for proving his existence. His problem is with the strand of Anselm’s argument which is put forward in Chapter Two of Proslogion.While Anselm claimed that the God, who is defined as perfect, must exist because an existe nt God is better than a non-existent God meaning that if he didn’t exist, he wouldn’t be perfect and therefore, wouldn’t be God, Gaunilo applied this logic to the example of a Perfect Island.If the perfect Island didn’t exist in the real world, it would be a contradiction to call it the perfect Island. By this logic, the perfect Island must exist seeing as if it didn’t exist, it wouldn’t be perfect1. We obviously know that the Perfect Island does not in fact exist and, by Gaunilo’s reasoning, Anselm’s argument doesn’t work; if it doesn’t work with parallel arguments, it doesn’t work in the example of God. This criticism is very astute and, therefore, severely weakens the argument and its effectiveness.However, Anselm directly responded to his contemporary Gaunilo’s criticism in an attempt to defend his argument and its ideals. Firstly, Anselm pointed out the fact the example of the Island (or any oth er examples for that matter) do not work because it, unlike God, is contingent and not at all necessary; its existence relies on the Earth and the Sea and it would have been entirely possible for it never to have existed. God, however, must exist and depends on the existence of nothing else.Moreover, Anselm goes on to say that the perfect Island is impossible to define; will it become more perfect as it gets bigger? God, however, is specifically defined by Anselm allowing the Ontological Argument to be applicable to him.This response deals with the criticism well and manages to re-strengthen the Ontological Argument to some degree. Another philosopher who disagreed with Anselm’s Ontological Argument was St. Thomas Aquinas. Again, he believed in God but disagreed with Anselm’s argument proving his existence.Aquinas raises questions about God’s self-evident existence. He claims that things can be self-evident in two ways: in itself and both in itself and to us; ev en though something may exist self-evidently in itself, this self-evidence may not be known to us as humans and therefore, its existence would not be self-evident to us.This is exactly what Aquinas proposes God to be. God is self-evident in himself because he is his own essence. However, seeing as this essence is unknown to us (as we do not know enough about him), the statement ‘God exists’ is not self-evident to us.This, again, is another criticism which holds weight against the Ontological Argument, highlighting a glaring weakness in its logic. A third philosopher who published a criticism on the Ontological Argument (though in this case it was directed towards Descartes’ version of the argument which was published several centuries after Anselm’s in 1641) was Pierre Gassendi. In Descartes’ version of the Ontological Argument published in his Meditations, he claimed that God was entirely perfect and, as a result, must possess every possible perfec tion – including the perfection of existence.Gassendi believed that this logic didn’t work because if a thing doesn’t exist, it is neither perfect nor imperfect; it merely doesn’t exist. Therefore, if God doesn’t exist, this logic could not possibly be applied to him in an attempt to prove his existence.Descartes published a response to this criticism. In this response, he claimed that God could not be compared to anything else, proposing that ‘the relationship and essence is manifestly quite different in the case of God from what it is in the case of a triangle’; it is a part of God’s essence to exist.While this does respond directly to Gassendi’s criticism, it does not particularly strengthen the argument seeing as Descartes gives no reason as to why God’s existence is a part of his essence; he merely states that it is true. Yet another philosopher who published a criticism of the Ontological Argument was Immanue l Kant.Kant (who was an atheist) published a book called A Critique of Pure Reason in which he attempted to contradict both Descartes’ and Anselm’s versions of the Ontological Argument in two different ways.In his first argument, Kant begins by hypothetically accepting that existing is indeed a defining predicate of God (which both Descartes and Anselm claim it is). He then goes on to argue that, even if this were true, there would be no contradiction in altogether rejecting the concept of God.For example, you may understand that having a single horn on its head is a defining predicate of a unicorn. However, this does not mean that it would be contradictory to not believe in unicorns or magical horses with horns.By this logic, you could also claim that you agree that if God did indeed exist, he would necessarily exist but that you do not believe in God or his necessity without contradicting yourself. In Kant’s second argument, he attacks the Ontological Argument at its base by claiming that ‘existing’ could not possibly be considered as a defining predicate as it does nothing to change the definition of the being in question; two people – one of whom believes in unicorns and one who doesn’t – would most likely share the same idea of what a unicorn is.While these two people would disagree on whether or not unicorns were real, they would not disagree on what a unicorn was. Therefore, it is impossible to say that existing is a defining predicate of God because it adds nothing to the definition of God.Overall, therefore, while the Ontological Argument is by all means a sound theory to some degree, the criticisms which highlight so many of the argument’s weaknesses show how the theory is weaker than in it is strong.

Uncommon Article Gives You the Facts on Literary Essay with Secondary Sources Samples That Only a Few People Know Exist

Uncommon Article Gives You the Facts on Literary Essay with Secondary Sources Samples That Only a Few People Know Exist Who Else Wants to Learn About Literary Essay with Secondary Sources Samples? If it's the source is primary or secondary is dependent on what you're analyzing. Due to the often times fragile or special character of the materials in Special Collections, terrific care has to be taken in their usage. You may register online ahead of time. Bear in mind there are primary sources in a number of other campus libraries also. Where to Find Literary Essay with Secondary Sources Samples The resources used are ready to be crossed checked to validate the info. In many instances, it's also going to be later reported in a condensed form for a journal article. There are lots of market research firms that carry out the research for your benefit and provide you with a collated report together with key insights. 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For instance, these ideas could possibly be utilized to trace the history of scientific theories, literary elements and other details that's passed from 1 author to another. Rewriting source material in your word s, while substantially retaining the significance of the references, is not thought of as original research. The book provides guidance for how to manage disagreement, juristic preference and so on. You may locate an important work of scholarship on the subject, and follow up on the sources utilized by the author. You then need to buy English literature essay from such websites if you desire a professional English literature essay. Thus English literature essay gets easy once you use these service providers and you may also accomplish the greatest scores due to this professional English literature essay. The War Against Literary Essay with Secondary Sources Samples The info is current although there are a few references used form 7 years back, but dependable sources are used. There are benefits of using secondary sources. Generally, full-text sources are not so fantastic tools to utilize for finding periodical articles on a specific topic. Identifying and analyzing a wide range of primary sources is an arduous endeavor but historians and researchers have been able to categorize the s ources in order and have been very considerate and advanced. Sources is almost always a good areas to start, but you can also attempt words like correspondenceor diaries. Journal articles aren't usually regarded as primary sources. Encyclopedia articles frequently have bibliographies which could direct you to a few of the leading secondary sources for a topic. Normally, primary sources are regarded as documents or footage that was made during the right time of a function. A secondary source really isn't the law. He is one that gives information about a primary source. It can on occasion be hard to figure out whether a specific source is primary or secondary, because the very same source may be a main source for a single topic and a secondary resource for a different topic. There's one graphic that conveys the total idea of Network Effects. That Apple sells plenty of iPhones doesn't mean that it has Network Effects, just Economies of Scale. There are some quite great thoughts in the Network Effect Playbook, and a lot of inspiration f or new techniques to construct content platforms, which might build Network Effects. Finding a comprehensive research report may be a small expensive. In practice some sources are destroyed, while some aren't readily available for research. A secondary source might also be a key source, based on the context its used in. He might also synthesize the work of other historians in order to formulate a totally new interpretation. 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Essay on Euthanasia a Topic Surrounded by Controversies

Euthanasia is a very controversial subject, due to the fact it’s a way of painless killing of a patient suffering from a debilitating disease that cannot be cured, or the patient is in a coma and has no way of coming out of it. In this case some societies consider it’s a good way of dying, as it is done to relieve pain and suffering. Some, especially most of religious individuals, consider this a form of a murder, which raises a question of morality. In this article, the author is discussing the questions of morality and views on this topic in different societies. Keywords: Euthanasia, painless killing, societies, religions, morality INTRODUCTION Euthanasia also known as mercy killing, is a way of painlessly terminating one’s life†¦show more content†¦Justice Devlin once ruled a decision in the case of Bodkin Adams of a doctor being entitled to relieve pain and suffering of a person even if it would terminate their life (ReligionFacts, n.d.). It has always been a discussion among different societies whether maintaining the body’s functions in a persistent vegetative state by life support machines and drugs is considered moral or immoral. People seem to have different opinions on whether such body state with no potential of becoming conscious should be kept on life support systems or disconnected raising a question who should be responsible for such decisions (Pillay, 2010). However, another cases applicable for Euthanasia are patients with severe suffering and almost non-existent chance of cure, who know that they are going to die. It has been made legally possible in countries such as Neth erlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg for any terminally ill patient to be applicable for Euthanasia after an approval. In countries such as Switzerland, Germany, Albania, Colombia, Japan and in the US states of Washington, Oregon, Vermont, New Mexico and Montana it is legally possible for the family of a terminally unconscious patient to be disconnected from the medical life support (Pillay, 2010). Although philosophers like Aristotle, Plato and Pythagoras favored euthanasia, most religions; mainly the Roman Catholic Church, Buddhism, Hinduism; disapprove of it or even forbid it. Religions over all favor theShow MoreRelatedShould Euthanasia Be Allowed?1675 Words   |  7 PagesWhen euthanasia comes to mind, what do you think of? Do you think of people hurting, do you think of it as suicide, do you think of sick people? The big question is†¦ do you think it’s wrong? Many questions, concerns, and issues have come up with this topic in the past, because there are so many facto rs that go into deciding when euthanasia should be allowed, if at all. Should just anyone be allowed to decide they want to die, and have a physician assist him or her with suicide, or do they have toRead MoreIs Euthanasia Morally Justified? Essay1237 Words   |  5 PagesPhilosophy Paper: Is Euthanasia Morally Justified? Euthanasia is defined in the dictionary as the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma. It s a practice that is illegal in many countries and only legal in a handful of states here in America. As a future physician, I do believe that assisted suicide is moral if that is what the patient wishes. In this paper I aim to prove that denying someone their right to take back control ofRead MoreThe Controversy Surrounding Selective Infanticide Essay1368 Words   |  6 PagesOver the course of time, selective infanticide has been heavily debated and surrounded by much controversy. Harriet Johnson’s piece â€Å"Unspeakable Conversations† navigates through the discourse between Johnson and selective infanticide advocate Peter Singer. Real world applications of the social and medical model of disability are embedded all throughout Johnson’s personal account of her encounters with Singer, causing audiences to think of these models in ways other than textbook applications. TheRead MoreEuthanasi Right Or Wrong3136 Words   |  13 PagesRachel Blackman 1/5/14 Civics Period 1 Garry Euthanasia: Right or Wrong A topic that has been controversial for a long time in our country s history is euthanasia, or mercy killing. As more cases come along, new ideas come up that challenge its morality. Janet Adkins was a 54 years old woman, who had Alzheimer s disease. At the time, she was still capable of doing things like talking and walking, but she knew things could go downhill fast. She didn t want to live if she wasn t able to communicateRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights : The Amendment Rights2558 Words   |  11 Pagesprovocativeness may be prosecuted and punished as if they were a principal offender.† This is a great example, of controversy some say it shouldn t matter it s their own choice while others for religious reasons see this dishonorable. The 9th amendment creates a lot of mixed feelings in the world because it s not really specified what it protects and what it does not. The controversy continues based on, whether it s right or wrong to request the assistance of a physician to end the patient sRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights : The Amendment Rights2558 Words   |  11 Pagesprovocativeness may be prosecuted and punished as if they were a principal offender.† This is a great example, of controversy some say it shouldn t matter it s their own choice while others for religious reasons see this dishonorable. The 9th amendment creates a lot of mixed feelings in the world because it s not really specified what it protects and what it does not. The controversy continues based on, whether it s right or wrong to request assistance of a physician to end the patient s lifeRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights : The Amendment Rights2572 Words   |  11 Pagesprovocativeness may be prosecuted and punished as if they were a principal offender.† This is a great example, of controversy some say it shouldn t matter it s their own choice while others for religious reasons see this dishonorable. The 9th amendment creates a lot of mixed feelings in the world because it s not really specified what it protects and what it does not. The controversy continues based on, whether it s right or wrong to request the assistance of a physician to end the patient sRead MoreThe Fight For Physician Aid2710 Words   |  11 PagesThe fight for Physician aid in Dying’s nation wide legalization. Ever since Dr. Kevorkian or â€Å"Doctor Death† drove his car around the united states assisting over 40 patients to take the own lives physician aid in dying has been a topic which has sparked controversy (DiManno). Although his actions did receive large amounts of negative feed back it did lead much of the population to the question of whether or not it should be legal for an individual to have medical assistance to take their life inRead MoreHsm 542 Week 12 Discussion Essay45410 Words   |  182 Pages------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Week 1: Introductions/Overview: An Ethical and Legal Framework - Discussion This weeks graded topics relate to the following Terminal Course Objectives (TCOs): A | Given a situation related to reproductive genetics, genetic research, or the human genome project, develop a set of legal and ethical guidelines, which can be applied to genetic issues for the conduct of medical practice and/or research. | B | Given the contentious

Nutritional Knowledge And Athletes Nutrition - 1661 Words

Tyler Inch Nutrition Paper Nutritional Knowledge and Athletes How well do you know nutrition? Do you know the recommended daily intakes of the three macronutrients – carbohydrates, proteins, and fats? All people have varying levels of nutritional knowledge and there are a number of ways that a person can go about enhancing their nutritional knowledge including Internet research and speaking with a nutritionist or dietitian. However, no matter how much any person knows about nutrition, one would most likely assume that a person with more knowledge of nutrition would make healthier or better decisions regarding nutrition. Nutrition can be difficult enough for anyone but being an athlete changes a person’s dietary needs, which makes the necessary nutritional knowledge of an athlete different from that of others. In recent years, there have been a number of studies done regarding the nutritional knowledge of athletes and their nutritional habits. There was one study that examined male collegiate athletes and their knowledge about pro tein needs while another looked for a correlation between nutritional knowledge and nutritional habits in professional rugby players. A third study looked at the effect of a sports dietitian and gender differences on nutritional habits for collegiate athletes. In the following paragraphs, these three studies will be discussed in further detail. Protein is one of the three macronutrients required by the body and athletes generally require moreShow MoreRelatedSports Nutrition : The Primary Goal Of Sports1137 Words   |  5 PagesChapter II Sports Nutrition Literature The primary goal of sports nutrition is to achieve energy balance by ensuring an adequate caloric intake in the correct proportion of macronutrients (American Dietetic Association, 2000). These recommendations coupled with the need for quality training and adequate rests are the cornerstones for optimal athletic performance (Earnest, 2002). Achieving energy balance is crucial for the athlete’s ability to consistently train at the intense levels needed for athleticRead MoreGuidelines For Increasing Reliability Of A Student Athlete1227 Words   |  5 PagesIntervention Data Collection Plan for Increasing Reliability Plan for Increasing Validity Definition of Terms 1. Athlete. A person possessing the natural or acquired traits, such as strength, agility, and endurance that are necessary for physical exercise or sports, especially those performed in competitive contexts. 2. Collegiate/student athlete. A student-athlete is a student whose enrollment was solicited by a member of the athletics staff or other representative of athletic interestsRead MoreEating Habits And The Athletes848 Words   |  4 PagesWhen the athletes were asked to describe their eating habits, 32.7% of the athletes listed their eating habits were â€Å"good†. When 65.4% of athletes listed there habits as â€Å"fair†. Only 10.9% of the athletes listed that their eating habits were â€Å"poor†. Table1 Described Eating Habits Eating Habit Percent (%) Good 32.7 Fair 65.4 Poor 10.9 The athletes were asked to list their three most common places that they would go to eat. The most common food establishments chosen by the athletes were: SubwayRead MoreDevelopment Of Nutritional Information For The Uc Merced Varsity Athlete4896 Words   |  20 PagesDEVELOPMENT OF NUTRITIONAL INFORMATION FOR THE UC MERCED VARSITY ATHLETE BY Allen McCreary Concordia University Irvine MCAA 550 Research Methods Analysis June, 15th 2015 Prof. Dr. Kent Schlichtemeier Chapter 1 Introduction Having spent the past Fifteen years coaching women’s volleyball, I have witnessed many performance issues that come with a lack of nutrition from female athletes as well as my daughters. I am a Head coach for a small college in Merced California. It isRead MoreNutrition : The Primary Goal Of Sports Nutrition1260 Words   |  6 PagesOverview of Sports Nutrition The primary goal of sports nutrition is to achieve energy balance by ensuring an adequate caloric intake in the correct proportion of macronutrients (American Dietetic Association, 2000). These recommendations coupled with the need for quality training and adequate rest are the cornerstones for optimal athletic performance (Earnest, 2002). Achieving energy balance is crucial for the athlete’s ability to consistently train at the intense levels needed for athletic successRead MoreGeneral Knowledge Nutrition On Male Fitness And Muscle Model2868 Words   |  12 Pagesabout the general nutrition knowledge of male fitness and muscle World beauty fashion and fitness models, and the sources they use to augment that knowledge base. Understanding the level of nutrition knowledge in this group of athletes will better inform the dietetic community of this group of individuals. Purpose: To evaluate the general nutrition knowledge Methods: Results: The athletes scored section A: 79%, section B: 87%, section C: 77%, section D: 66%. A total knowledge score of 82% was achievedRead MoreNutrition After Joining The Powerlifting Team989 Words   |  4 PagesI first fell in love with nutrition after joining the powerlifting team in high school. Our team, including myself, would wait until the last minute to lose weight for competitions by running outside wearing garbage bags, starving ourselves the day of weigh-ins, and spitting in water bottles to lose water weight. These extreme dieting strategies took a toll on our overall success at competitions and my personal growth as an athlete. I knew I needed to make a change, starting with my diet. AfterRead MoreHigh School Of The Arts1140 Words   |  5 PagesBachelor of Arts in dance, a Cultures and Communities Certificate, and a Nutrition Certificate. My athletic involvement in dance led me to develop an interest in healthy eating. This widened my eyes to learn about the rising obesity epidemic, its relationship to chronic diseases, and how to minimize the risk of their development with diet and exercise. I returned to UWM in 2012 to earn my Bachelor of Sciences in Nutritional Sciences. I will graduate this May. Then I will continue at UW-Green BayRead MoreWhat Your Career Plans Is Your Academic Interests Or Plans For Future Study963 Words   |  4 Pagesacademic interests or plans for future study. My goal is to become a Registered Dietitian and provide healthy eating resources in various community settings. My two special interests in nutrition is nutrition for adolescent athletes to support their growth and development as well as their performance, and nutrition for disease prevention and management for adults. My first degree from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee is a Bachlor of Arts in dance. I am also a health screener for Interactive HealthRead MoreDescribe The Structure And Function Of The Digestive System970 Words   |  4 PagesP1 Describe nutrition, including nutritional requirements using recommended guidelines from public health sources associated with nutrition Nutrition macronutrients †¢ carbohydrates, †¢ proteins, †¢ fats Nutrition micronutrients †¢ vitamins, †¢ fibre Research and define nutritional requirements †¢ Recommended Daily Allowance, RDA †¢ Optimum Level, OL †¢ Safe Intake, SI †¢ Estimated Average Requirements, EAR To achieve P1: Write a report or essay that describes nutrition. Part 1 Structure

Things You Should Know About Example of Concluding Sentence

Things You Should Know About Example of Concluding Sentence The duration of a conclusion is usually proportional to the amount of the entire text. A concluding sentence is the last sentence in every paragraph. Actually, on the true AP exam, you might not get to the conclusion in any way. Your conclusion should incorporate a crystal clear response to that question. If you would like to have a powerful and strong paragraph, avoid all this at all price tag. In spite of the fact that it's easy for some to believe that homelessness is brought on by mental difficulties or basic laziness, there are different elements to look at. The range of body paragraph varies on the option of the subject you're handling. You might also want to understand how to compose short sentences. Within the next lesson, you are going to see what a concluding sentence appears like in a paragraph. Writing a concluding sentence can be harder than you understand. A concluding sentence plays a critical part in every paragraph. A concluding sentence ought to be an overview of the preceding discussion, not incorporate any new info. You might also be interested in Writing Examples in PDF. Teaching writing though, isn't always simply. There's no boundary of selecting descriptive essay topics, but nevertheless, it should be something which you understand about and wish to describe it in words. True, it is a tiny bit about summary, but nevertheless, it should take your essay one step further. Don't forget the brainstorming session you want to undergo before opting for a descriptive essay topic. The next lesson will explain the most typical kinds of paragraphs. The typical academic paragraph typically is composed of 8-10 sentences. When writing this kind of article, you are going to want to state your whole opinion and come up with supporting evidence. Hence, using quotes constitutes a significant part of your oral history report. New Questions About Example of Concluding Sentence So whenever you're requested to compose a descriptive essay, take it like a challenge since there is a considerable artistic freedom you may enjoy. If you describe emotions and feeling linked to the topic, you will have the ability to get in touch with readers on a deeper level. In case you have, then you are aware that the chaos and enmity that arrive with this. Process paragraphs should supply the rationale for each step and offer warnings when necessary. Understanding how to end a speech is equally as crucial as knowing how to start. You'll locate information on writing the body, opening and conclusion in addition to those all essential transitions. Stop by this page to learn about structuring a speech. This actuality means women's rights are based on freedom that could be seen as a virtue, but much less a burden. Once you have produced the introduction and body part, it's time to consider the conclusion. Conclusion Thus, it is crucial to conclude that women have always played a crucial role in the growth of history. In such a circumstance, acquiring an attractive conclusion is entirely required. That is to say, you wrap up the key points in 1 sentence. Such descriptive' words force you to make a vivid picture in your thoughts. These examples will function as a guide when they're creating their own text. Utilizing figurative language embellishes the standard of description and the content gets more live and vivid.

Business Communication Professional Communication in the Global Workp

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Communication forProfessional Communication in the Global Workplace. Answer: Training Brief Introduction The purpose of training session is to meet the industry professional standards by improving/developing the professional skills, extending the knowledge and job competencies of the audience members. The training session will be planned for giving the best teaching by the expert trainers for the business executives of a small business organization to improve their business communication skills at large extent(Dwyer, 2012). It will be at the executive level and learner-oriented to enhance the business communication of the employees. Audiences Current Knowledge, Skills-Base and Abilities The current knowledge, skills-base, and abilities of the participants or audience members are not of the industry professional standards because the lack of skills or weak skills unable to give expected performances. The few audience members are weak in communication skills, interpersonal skills, and writing skills. While some other audience members have weak decision-making skills, problem-solving skills, and negotiation skills. The poor skills level and inadequate job competencies influence their performances and productivity because these hinderto deliver the satisfactory performancesby the audience members (Goodall, Jr., Goodall, and Schiefelbein, 2009). The professional qualifications of some audience members are not of the highly professional standardized and few of them not matching the job profile. Some audience members lack adequate professional knowledge because of lack of experience or little experiences which is from 0 month to 1 year, while some others have relevant professional knowledge to some extent because of having experiences from 1 year to 3 years. Some audience members have poor abilities to communicate the clients and organizational members effectively because of the weakcommunication skills. Some audience members often fails to solve the problems in the contingent situations, while some others find difficulty to take the right decisions at several times because of weak decision-making skills(Hammersley and Reid, 2014). The weak skills-base and lack of adequate job competencies make them often fail to deliver the expected performances. By planning a training session, the weak areas of performances, weak skills, and lack of job competencies will be improved to the great extent. The Audiences Want to Know The participants or audience members want to know that the training provided by the expert trainers will be able to develop their lack skills including communication skills, negotiation skills, writing skills, and personality development skills. The audience members are interested to know that they would be able to communicate the organizational members effectively, to write mails in a professional manner, and to interact the clients effectively at the end of the training session. The audience members also want to know which learning programs, study materials, methodologies, and schedules will be used to train them. They will also be interested to know about the organizational safety policy, internet policy, and corporate culture (Hartley and Chatterton, 2015). They desire to know whether the training session will be able to meet the organizational professional standards by extending their relevant professional knowledge and job competencies. Along with this, the audience members wil l be willing to know that the professional standardized will be maintained by the trainer by utilizing video presentation, graphs, chart, slides, tables, demonstrations, case studies, demonstrations, brainstorming, and group discussions during the training sesssion. C Facilitator Knowledge The facilitator is the person who helps the participants or audience members to learn the topic or issue held during the training session. The facilitator knows how to organize a training session by providing the primary source materials, learning programs, projector, and internet programs to the trainer. The facilitator knows how to create an inclusive learning environment to by meeting the industry professional standards. The facilitator knows that the training session should be facilitated learner-oriented aimed at drawing the learners attention to learn the new skills and knowledge. The facilitator is the person who determines the success of the training session through his ideas, agenda, actions, and decisions. The facilitator knows the way to reach the best learning reflecting the skills and knowledge of the audience members by using video presentation, slides, discussions notes, demonstrations, group discussions, case studies, lectures, and case studies. The facilitator involves the high level of contents of the research topic, leaning styles and approaches, and collaborative problem-solvingin the training session (Shaw, 2014). The facilitator knows how to reach the best training outcomes by planning the training schedules, activities, primary source material, and learning methods. The facilitator establishes the working agreements and rules of the training session to inform the participants to know the group norms and expectations. Goals Statement The goals statement for this training session will be attaining the optimum productivity and good performance outcomes by meeting the industry professional standards of the employees. This training session will include the following goals:- To become a productive workplace by developing the skills, knowledge, and job competenciesof the executive audience members through learning programs To enhance the employees performances and productivity through gaining their commitment and high motivation level by using the personality development methods and learning programs (Krizan, Merrier, Logan, and Williams, 2010) To determine what the audiences want to know at the end of training session To utilize learning programs, online studies, case studies, demonstrations, group discussions, communication books, magazines, and e-journals to assist the trainer in order to improve the communication skills, decision-making skills, interpersonal skills, and personality development abilities E Learning objectives The learning objectives of the executive training session will be associated with enhancing the professional skills, job competencies, and current knowledge of the audience members required to meet the organizational goals and objectives effectively. The following learning objectives will be determined for ensuring the success of the learning session:- To assess the employees performances by examining their strengths and weaknesses To evaluate the success of the training session by attaining the positive results from the session To ensure the professional standardsof the participants by providing them adequate job knowledge through the specific training schedule To minimize the weaknesses or weak points of the employees by working on their weak areas To establish the means of providing them effective job knowledge required for performing the actions, duties, and tasks To hold the training session learner-oriented based on employees learning skills and performance criteria (Newman, 2013) To assist the trainer articulate exactly what the audiences or learners want to know at the end of the training Guide the development of the appropriate learning methods, contents, and materials by the trainer to facilitate learning-oriented training for the development of the employees To determine whether training is in continuing in the right direction by ensuring the desired programs goals and objectives are achieved To ascertain what kinds of skills, knowledge, and job competencies required for the participants to perform effectively toward for the attainment of organizational goals and objectives Conclusion This assessment described the learning objectives and goals statement of the training session, audiences know-how, facilitators knowledge, and current skills level and knowledge of the audiences. By planning the training session, the weak skills, lack knowledge, and job competencies would be expected to be improved to the great extent. References Dwyer (2012)Communication for Business and the Professions: Strategies and Skills. Australia: Pearson Higher Education AU. Goodall, H. L., Jr., Goodall, S., and Schiefelbein, J. (2009)Business and Professional Communication in the Global Workplace. USA: Cengage Learning. Hammersley, R., and Reid, M. (2014)Communicating Successfully in Groups: A Practical Guide for the Workplace. UK: Routledge. Hartley, P. and Chatterton, P. (2015)Business Communication: Rethinking your professional practice for the post-digital age. UK: Routledge. Krizan, B. C. A., Merrier, P., Logan, P. J., and Williams, S. K. (2010) Business Communication. USA: Cengage Learning. Newman, A. (2013)Business Communication: In Person, In Print, Online. USA: Cengage Learning. Shaw, G. (2014)The Art of Business Communication: How to use pictures, charts and graphs to make your business message stick. UK: Pearson Education.