Strength and Weaknesses of Ontological Argument

The Ontological Argument was, and still is, a hot-topic for debate among philosophers; many famous philosophers have published criticisms of the theory including Immanuel Kant and St. Thomas Aquinas. This obviously raises questions regarding whether or not this argument works.While there is no clear-cut answer to these questions, I personally believe that the negatives of this argument outweigh the positives, thereby making it a weak argument. The first published criticism of Anselm’s Ontological Argument was from Gaunilo in his book In Behalf of the Fool (making reference to the fool in the book of psalms who didn’t believe in God).While Gaunilo was a firm believer in God (and was in fact a monk), he disagreed strongly with Anselm’s method for proving his existence. His problem is with the strand of Anselm’s argument which is put forward in Chapter Two of Proslogion.While Anselm claimed that the God, who is defined as perfect, must exist because an existe nt God is better than a non-existent God meaning that if he didn’t exist, he wouldn’t be perfect and therefore, wouldn’t be God, Gaunilo applied this logic to the example of a Perfect Island.If the perfect Island didn’t exist in the real world, it would be a contradiction to call it the perfect Island. By this logic, the perfect Island must exist seeing as if it didn’t exist, it wouldn’t be perfect1. We obviously know that the Perfect Island does not in fact exist and, by Gaunilo’s reasoning, Anselm’s argument doesn’t work; if it doesn’t work with parallel arguments, it doesn’t work in the example of God. This criticism is very astute and, therefore, severely weakens the argument and its effectiveness.However, Anselm directly responded to his contemporary Gaunilo’s criticism in an attempt to defend his argument and its ideals. Firstly, Anselm pointed out the fact the example of the Island (or any oth er examples for that matter) do not work because it, unlike God, is contingent and not at all necessary; its existence relies on the Earth and the Sea and it would have been entirely possible for it never to have existed. God, however, must exist and depends on the existence of nothing else.Moreover, Anselm goes on to say that the perfect Island is impossible to define; will it become more perfect as it gets bigger? God, however, is specifically defined by Anselm allowing the Ontological Argument to be applicable to him.This response deals with the criticism well and manages to re-strengthen the Ontological Argument to some degree. Another philosopher who disagreed with Anselm’s Ontological Argument was St. Thomas Aquinas. Again, he believed in God but disagreed with Anselm’s argument proving his existence.Aquinas raises questions about God’s self-evident existence. He claims that things can be self-evident in two ways: in itself and both in itself and to us; ev en though something may exist self-evidently in itself, this self-evidence may not be known to us as humans and therefore, its existence would not be self-evident to us.This is exactly what Aquinas proposes God to be. God is self-evident in himself because he is his own essence. However, seeing as this essence is unknown to us (as we do not know enough about him), the statement ‘God exists’ is not self-evident to us.This, again, is another criticism which holds weight against the Ontological Argument, highlighting a glaring weakness in its logic. A third philosopher who published a criticism on the Ontological Argument (though in this case it was directed towards Descartes’ version of the argument which was published several centuries after Anselm’s in 1641) was Pierre Gassendi. In Descartes’ version of the Ontological Argument published in his Meditations, he claimed that God was entirely perfect and, as a result, must possess every possible perfec tion – including the perfection of existence.Gassendi believed that this logic didn’t work because if a thing doesn’t exist, it is neither perfect nor imperfect; it merely doesn’t exist. Therefore, if God doesn’t exist, this logic could not possibly be applied to him in an attempt to prove his existence.Descartes published a response to this criticism. In this response, he claimed that God could not be compared to anything else, proposing that ‘the relationship and essence is manifestly quite different in the case of God from what it is in the case of a triangle’; it is a part of God’s essence to exist.While this does respond directly to Gassendi’s criticism, it does not particularly strengthen the argument seeing as Descartes gives no reason as to why God’s existence is a part of his essence; he merely states that it is true. Yet another philosopher who published a criticism of the Ontological Argument was Immanue l Kant.Kant (who was an atheist) published a book called A Critique of Pure Reason in which he attempted to contradict both Descartes’ and Anselm’s versions of the Ontological Argument in two different ways.In his first argument, Kant begins by hypothetically accepting that existing is indeed a defining predicate of God (which both Descartes and Anselm claim it is). He then goes on to argue that, even if this were true, there would be no contradiction in altogether rejecting the concept of God.For example, you may understand that having a single horn on its head is a defining predicate of a unicorn. However, this does not mean that it would be contradictory to not believe in unicorns or magical horses with horns.By this logic, you could also claim that you agree that if God did indeed exist, he would necessarily exist but that you do not believe in God or his necessity without contradicting yourself. In Kant’s second argument, he attacks the Ontological Argument at its base by claiming that ‘existing’ could not possibly be considered as a defining predicate as it does nothing to change the definition of the being in question; two people – one of whom believes in unicorns and one who doesn’t – would most likely share the same idea of what a unicorn is.While these two people would disagree on whether or not unicorns were real, they would not disagree on what a unicorn was. Therefore, it is impossible to say that existing is a defining predicate of God because it adds nothing to the definition of God.Overall, therefore, while the Ontological Argument is by all means a sound theory to some degree, the criticisms which highlight so many of the argument’s weaknesses show how the theory is weaker than in it is strong.

Uncommon Article Gives You the Facts on Literary Essay with Secondary Sources Samples That Only a Few People Know Exist

Uncommon Article Gives You the Facts on Literary Essay with Secondary Sources Samples That Only a Few People Know Exist Who Else Wants to Learn About Literary Essay with Secondary Sources Samples? If it's the source is primary or secondary is dependent on what you're analyzing. Due to the often times fragile or special character of the materials in Special Collections, terrific care has to be taken in their usage. You may register online ahead of time. Bear in mind there are primary sources in a number of other campus libraries also. Where to Find Literary Essay with Secondary Sources Samples The resources used are ready to be crossed checked to validate the info. In many instances, it's also going to be later reported in a condensed form for a journal article. There are lots of market research firms that carry out the research for your benefit and provide you with a collated report together with key insights. 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There are benefits of using secondary sources. Generally, full-text sources are not so fantastic tools to utilize for finding periodical articles on a specific topic. Identifying and analyzing a wide range of primary sources is an arduous endeavor but historians and researchers have been able to categorize the s ources in order and have been very considerate and advanced. Sources is almost always a good areas to start, but you can also attempt words like correspondenceor diaries. Journal articles aren't usually regarded as primary sources. Encyclopedia articles frequently have bibliographies which could direct you to a few of the leading secondary sources for a topic. Normally, primary sources are regarded as documents or footage that was made during the right time of a function. A secondary source really isn't the law. He is one that gives information about a primary source. It can on occasion be hard to figure out whether a specific source is primary or secondary, because the very same source may be a main source for a single topic and a secondary resource for a different topic. There's one graphic that conveys the total idea of Network Effects. That Apple sells plenty of iPhones doesn't mean that it has Network Effects, just Economies of Scale. There are some quite great thoughts in the Network Effect Playbook, and a lot of inspiration f or new techniques to construct content platforms, which might build Network Effects. Finding a comprehensive research report may be a small expensive. In practice some sources are destroyed, while some aren't readily available for research. A secondary source might also be a key source, based on the context its used in. He might also synthesize the work of other historians in order to formulate a totally new interpretation. Examining primary sources gives students a potent awareness of history and the intricacy of the past. Life After Literary Essay with Secondary Sources Samples You'll be surrounded by writing professionals throughout the plan of order placement, and when you choose to purchase essay and pick an allocated writer, things are likely to get even more exciting. The book has three authors sharing the exact same vision and over 60 decades of combined experience building class-leading products all around the world that is an excellent one-sentence summary. As our group of writers is quite big, we always have free writers ready to bring a manageable and well-paid purchase. The knowledge which you will get from developing a literary essay truly is something that you may apply in various features of life especially in educational and literary purposes.

Essay on Euthanasia a Topic Surrounded by Controversies

Euthanasia is a very controversial subject, due to the fact it’s a way of painless killing of a patient suffering from a debilitating disease that cannot be cured, or the patient is in a coma and has no way of coming out of it. In this case some societies consider it’s a good way of dying, as it is done to relieve pain and suffering. Some, especially most of religious individuals, consider this a form of a murder, which raises a question of morality. In this article, the author is discussing the questions of morality and views on this topic in different societies. Keywords: Euthanasia, painless killing, societies, religions, morality INTRODUCTION Euthanasia also known as mercy killing, is a way of painlessly terminating one’s life†¦show more content†¦Justice Devlin once ruled a decision in the case of Bodkin Adams of a doctor being entitled to relieve pain and suffering of a person even if it would terminate their life (ReligionFacts, n.d.). It has always been a discussion among different societies whether maintaining the body’s functions in a persistent vegetative state by life support machines and drugs is considered moral or immoral. People seem to have different opinions on whether such body state with no potential of becoming conscious should be kept on life support systems or disconnected raising a question who should be responsible for such decisions (Pillay, 2010). However, another cases applicable for Euthanasia are patients with severe suffering and almost non-existent chance of cure, who know that they are going to die. It has been made legally possible in countries such as Neth erlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg for any terminally ill patient to be applicable for Euthanasia after an approval. In countries such as Switzerland, Germany, Albania, Colombia, Japan and in the US states of Washington, Oregon, Vermont, New Mexico and Montana it is legally possible for the family of a terminally unconscious patient to be disconnected from the medical life support (Pillay, 2010). Although philosophers like Aristotle, Plato and Pythagoras favored euthanasia, most religions; mainly the Roman Catholic Church, Buddhism, Hinduism; disapprove of it or even forbid it. Religions over all favor theShow MoreRelatedShould Euthanasia Be Allowed?1675 Words   |  7 PagesWhen euthanasia comes to mind, what do you think of? Do you think of people hurting, do you think of it as suicide, do you think of sick people? The big question is†¦ do you think it’s wrong? Many questions, concerns, and issues have come up with this topic in the past, because there are so many facto rs that go into deciding when euthanasia should be allowed, if at all. Should just anyone be allowed to decide they want to die, and have a physician assist him or her with suicide, or do they have toRead MoreIs Euthanasia Morally Justified? Essay1237 Words   |  5 PagesPhilosophy Paper: Is Euthanasia Morally Justified? Euthanasia is defined in the dictionary as the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma. It s a practice that is illegal in many countries and only legal in a handful of states here in America. As a future physician, I do believe that assisted suicide is moral if that is what the patient wishes. In this paper I aim to prove that denying someone their right to take back control ofRead MoreThe Controversy Surrounding Selective Infanticide Essay1368 Words   |  6 PagesOver the course of time, selective infanticide has been heavily debated and surrounded by much controversy. Harriet Johnson’s piece â€Å"Unspeakable Conversations† navigates through the discourse between Johnson and selective infanticide advocate Peter Singer. Real world applications of the social and medical model of disability are embedded all throughout Johnson’s personal account of her encounters with Singer, causing audiences to think of these models in ways other than textbook applications. TheRead MoreEuthanasi Right Or Wrong3136 Words   |  13 PagesRachel Blackman 1/5/14 Civics Period 1 Garry Euthanasia: Right or Wrong A topic that has been controversial for a long time in our country s history is euthanasia, or mercy killing. As more cases come along, new ideas come up that challenge its morality. Janet Adkins was a 54 years old woman, who had Alzheimer s disease. At the time, she was still capable of doing things like talking and walking, but she knew things could go downhill fast. She didn t want to live if she wasn t able to communicateRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights : The Amendment Rights2558 Words   |  11 Pagesprovocativeness may be prosecuted and punished as if they were a principal offender.† This is a great example, of controversy some say it shouldn t matter it s their own choice while others for religious reasons see this dishonorable. The 9th amendment creates a lot of mixed feelings in the world because it s not really specified what it protects and what it does not. The controversy continues based on, whether it s right or wrong to request the assistance of a physician to end the patient sRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights : The Amendment Rights2558 Words   |  11 Pagesprovocativeness may be prosecuted and punished as if they were a principal offender.† This is a great example, of controversy some say it shouldn t matter it s their own choice while others for religious reasons see this dishonorable. The 9th amendment creates a lot of mixed feelings in the world because it s not really specified what it protects and what it does not. The controversy continues based on, whether it s right or wrong to request assistance of a physician to end the patient s lifeRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights : The Amendment Rights2572 Words   |  11 Pagesprovocativeness may be prosecuted and punished as if they were a principal offender.† This is a great example, of controversy some say it shouldn t matter it s their own choice while others for religious reasons see this dishonorable. The 9th amendment creates a lot of mixed feelings in the world because it s not really specified what it protects and what it does not. The controversy continues based on, whether it s right or wrong to request the assistance of a physician to end the patient sRead MoreThe Fight For Physician Aid2710 Words   |  11 PagesThe fight for Physician aid in Dying’s nation wide legalization. Ever since Dr. Kevorkian or â€Å"Doctor Death† drove his car around the united states assisting over 40 patients to take the own lives physician aid in dying has been a topic which has sparked controversy (DiManno). Although his actions did receive large amounts of negative feed back it did lead much of the population to the question of whether or not it should be legal for an individual to have medical assistance to take their life inRead MoreHsm 542 Week 12 Discussion Essay45410 Words   |  182 Pages------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Week 1: Introductions/Overview: An Ethical and Legal Framework - Discussion This weeks graded topics relate to the following Terminal Course Objectives (TCOs): A | Given a situation related to reproductive genetics, genetic research, or the human genome project, develop a set of legal and ethical guidelines, which can be applied to genetic issues for the conduct of medical practice and/or research. | B | Given the contentious

Nutritional Knowledge And Athletes Nutrition - 1661 Words

Tyler Inch Nutrition Paper Nutritional Knowledge and Athletes How well do you know nutrition? Do you know the recommended daily intakes of the three macronutrients – carbohydrates, proteins, and fats? All people have varying levels of nutritional knowledge and there are a number of ways that a person can go about enhancing their nutritional knowledge including Internet research and speaking with a nutritionist or dietitian. However, no matter how much any person knows about nutrition, one would most likely assume that a person with more knowledge of nutrition would make healthier or better decisions regarding nutrition. Nutrition can be difficult enough for anyone but being an athlete changes a person’s dietary needs, which makes the necessary nutritional knowledge of an athlete different from that of others. In recent years, there have been a number of studies done regarding the nutritional knowledge of athletes and their nutritional habits. There was one study that examined male collegiate athletes and their knowledge about pro tein needs while another looked for a correlation between nutritional knowledge and nutritional habits in professional rugby players. A third study looked at the effect of a sports dietitian and gender differences on nutritional habits for collegiate athletes. In the following paragraphs, these three studies will be discussed in further detail. Protein is one of the three macronutrients required by the body and athletes generally require moreShow MoreRelatedSports Nutrition : The Primary Goal Of Sports1137 Words   |  5 PagesChapter II Sports Nutrition Literature The primary goal of sports nutrition is to achieve energy balance by ensuring an adequate caloric intake in the correct proportion of macronutrients (American Dietetic Association, 2000). These recommendations coupled with the need for quality training and adequate rests are the cornerstones for optimal athletic performance (Earnest, 2002). Achieving energy balance is crucial for the athlete’s ability to consistently train at the intense levels needed for athleticRead MoreGuidelines For Increasing Reliability Of A Student Athlete1227 Words   |  5 PagesIntervention Data Collection Plan for Increasing Reliability Plan for Increasing Validity Definition of Terms 1. Athlete. A person possessing the natural or acquired traits, such as strength, agility, and endurance that are necessary for physical exercise or sports, especially those performed in competitive contexts. 2. Collegiate/student athlete. A student-athlete is a student whose enrollment was solicited by a member of the athletics staff or other representative of athletic interestsRead MoreEating Habits And The Athletes848 Words   |  4 PagesWhen the athletes were asked to describe their eating habits, 32.7% of the athletes listed their eating habits were â€Å"good†. When 65.4% of athletes listed there habits as â€Å"fair†. Only 10.9% of the athletes listed that their eating habits were â€Å"poor†. Table1 Described Eating Habits Eating Habit Percent (%) Good 32.7 Fair 65.4 Poor 10.9 The athletes were asked to list their three most common places that they would go to eat. The most common food establishments chosen by the athletes were: SubwayRead MoreDevelopment Of Nutritional Information For The Uc Merced Varsity Athlete4896 Words   |  20 PagesDEVELOPMENT OF NUTRITIONAL INFORMATION FOR THE UC MERCED VARSITY ATHLETE BY Allen McCreary Concordia University Irvine MCAA 550 Research Methods Analysis June, 15th 2015 Prof. Dr. Kent Schlichtemeier Chapter 1 Introduction Having spent the past Fifteen years coaching women’s volleyball, I have witnessed many performance issues that come with a lack of nutrition from female athletes as well as my daughters. I am a Head coach for a small college in Merced California. It isRead MoreNutrition : The Primary Goal Of Sports Nutrition1260 Words   |  6 PagesOverview of Sports Nutrition The primary goal of sports nutrition is to achieve energy balance by ensuring an adequate caloric intake in the correct proportion of macronutrients (American Dietetic Association, 2000). These recommendations coupled with the need for quality training and adequate rest are the cornerstones for optimal athletic performance (Earnest, 2002). Achieving energy balance is crucial for the athlete’s ability to consistently train at the intense levels needed for athletic successRead MoreGeneral Knowledge Nutrition On Male Fitness And Muscle Model2868 Words   |  12 Pagesabout the general nutrition knowledge of male fitness and muscle World beauty fashion and fitness models, and the sources they use to augment that knowledge base. Understanding the level of nutrition knowledge in this group of athletes will better inform the dietetic community of this group of individuals. Purpose: To evaluate the general nutrition knowledge Methods: Results: The athletes scored section A: 79%, section B: 87%, section C: 77%, section D: 66%. A total knowledge score of 82% was achievedRead MoreNutrition After Joining The Powerlifting Team989 Words   |  4 PagesI first fell in love with nutrition after joining the powerlifting team in high school. Our team, including myself, would wait until the last minute to lose weight for competitions by running outside wearing garbage bags, starving ourselves the day of weigh-ins, and spitting in water bottles to lose water weight. These extreme dieting strategies took a toll on our overall success at competitions and my personal growth as an athlete. I knew I needed to make a change, starting with my diet. AfterRead MoreHigh School Of The Arts1140 Words   |  5 PagesBachelor of Arts in dance, a Cultures and Communities Certificate, and a Nutrition Certificate. My athletic involvement in dance led me to develop an interest in healthy eating. This widened my eyes to learn about the rising obesity epidemic, its relationship to chronic diseases, and how to minimize the risk of their development with diet and exercise. I returned to UWM in 2012 to earn my Bachelor of Sciences in Nutritional Sciences. I will graduate this May. Then I will continue at UW-Green BayRead MoreWhat Your Career Plans Is Your Academic Interests Or Plans For Future Study963 Words   |  4 Pagesacademic interests or plans for future study. My goal is to become a Registered Dietitian and provide healthy eating resources in various community settings. My two special interests in nutrition is nutrition for adolescent athletes to support their growth and development as well as their performance, and nutrition for disease prevention and management for adults. My first degree from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee is a Bachlor of Arts in dance. I am also a health screener for Interactive HealthRead MoreDescribe The Structure And Function Of The Digestive System970 Words   |  4 PagesP1 Describe nutrition, including nutritional requirements using recommended guidelines from public health sources associated with nutrition Nutrition macronutrients †¢ carbohydrates, †¢ proteins, †¢ fats Nutrition micronutrients †¢ vitamins, †¢ fibre Research and define nutritional requirements †¢ Recommended Daily Allowance, RDA †¢ Optimum Level, OL †¢ Safe Intake, SI †¢ Estimated Average Requirements, EAR To achieve P1: Write a report or essay that describes nutrition. Part 1 Structure

Things You Should Know About Example of Concluding Sentence

Things You Should Know About Example of Concluding Sentence The duration of a conclusion is usually proportional to the amount of the entire text. A concluding sentence is the last sentence in every paragraph. Actually, on the true AP exam, you might not get to the conclusion in any way. Your conclusion should incorporate a crystal clear response to that question. If you would like to have a powerful and strong paragraph, avoid all this at all price tag. In spite of the fact that it's easy for some to believe that homelessness is brought on by mental difficulties or basic laziness, there are different elements to look at. The range of body paragraph varies on the option of the subject you're handling. You might also want to understand how to compose short sentences. Within the next lesson, you are going to see what a concluding sentence appears like in a paragraph. Writing a concluding sentence can be harder than you understand. A concluding sentence plays a critical part in every paragraph. A concluding sentence ought to be an overview of the preceding discussion, not incorporate any new info. You might also be interested in Writing Examples in PDF. Teaching writing though, isn't always simply. There's no boundary of selecting descriptive essay topics, but nevertheless, it should be something which you understand about and wish to describe it in words. True, it is a tiny bit about summary, but nevertheless, it should take your essay one step further. Don't forget the brainstorming session you want to undergo before opting for a descriptive essay topic. The next lesson will explain the most typical kinds of paragraphs. The typical academic paragraph typically is composed of 8-10 sentences. When writing this kind of article, you are going to want to state your whole opinion and come up with supporting evidence. Hence, using quotes constitutes a significant part of your oral history report. New Questions About Example of Concluding Sentence So whenever you're requested to compose a descriptive essay, take it like a challenge since there is a considerable artistic freedom you may enjoy. If you describe emotions and feeling linked to the topic, you will have the ability to get in touch with readers on a deeper level. In case you have, then you are aware that the chaos and enmity that arrive with this. Process paragraphs should supply the rationale for each step and offer warnings when necessary. Understanding how to end a speech is equally as crucial as knowing how to start. You'll locate information on writing the body, opening and conclusion in addition to those all essential transitions. Stop by this page to learn about structuring a speech. This actuality means women's rights are based on freedom that could be seen as a virtue, but much less a burden. Once you have produced the introduction and body part, it's time to consider the conclusion. Conclusion Thus, it is crucial to conclude that women have always played a crucial role in the growth of history. In such a circumstance, acquiring an attractive conclusion is entirely required. That is to say, you wrap up the key points in 1 sentence. Such descriptive' words force you to make a vivid picture in your thoughts. These examples will function as a guide when they're creating their own text. Utilizing figurative language embellishes the standard of description and the content gets more live and vivid.

Business Communication Professional Communication in the Global Workp

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Communication forProfessional Communication in the Global Workplace. Answer: Training Brief Introduction The purpose of training session is to meet the industry professional standards by improving/developing the professional skills, extending the knowledge and job competencies of the audience members. The training session will be planned for giving the best teaching by the expert trainers for the business executives of a small business organization to improve their business communication skills at large extent(Dwyer, 2012). It will be at the executive level and learner-oriented to enhance the business communication of the employees. Audiences Current Knowledge, Skills-Base and Abilities The current knowledge, skills-base, and abilities of the participants or audience members are not of the industry professional standards because the lack of skills or weak skills unable to give expected performances. The few audience members are weak in communication skills, interpersonal skills, and writing skills. While some other audience members have weak decision-making skills, problem-solving skills, and negotiation skills. The poor skills level and inadequate job competencies influence their performances and productivity because these hinderto deliver the satisfactory performancesby the audience members (Goodall, Jr., Goodall, and Schiefelbein, 2009). The professional qualifications of some audience members are not of the highly professional standardized and few of them not matching the job profile. Some audience members lack adequate professional knowledge because of lack of experience or little experiences which is from 0 month to 1 year, while some others have relevant professional knowledge to some extent because of having experiences from 1 year to 3 years. Some audience members have poor abilities to communicate the clients and organizational members effectively because of the weakcommunication skills. Some audience members often fails to solve the problems in the contingent situations, while some others find difficulty to take the right decisions at several times because of weak decision-making skills(Hammersley and Reid, 2014). The weak skills-base and lack of adequate job competencies make them often fail to deliver the expected performances. By planning a training session, the weak areas of performances, weak skills, and lack of job competencies will be improved to the great extent. The Audiences Want to Know The participants or audience members want to know that the training provided by the expert trainers will be able to develop their lack skills including communication skills, negotiation skills, writing skills, and personality development skills. The audience members are interested to know that they would be able to communicate the organizational members effectively, to write mails in a professional manner, and to interact the clients effectively at the end of the training session. The audience members also want to know which learning programs, study materials, methodologies, and schedules will be used to train them. They will also be interested to know about the organizational safety policy, internet policy, and corporate culture (Hartley and Chatterton, 2015). They desire to know whether the training session will be able to meet the organizational professional standards by extending their relevant professional knowledge and job competencies. Along with this, the audience members wil l be willing to know that the professional standardized will be maintained by the trainer by utilizing video presentation, graphs, chart, slides, tables, demonstrations, case studies, demonstrations, brainstorming, and group discussions during the training sesssion. C Facilitator Knowledge The facilitator is the person who helps the participants or audience members to learn the topic or issue held during the training session. The facilitator knows how to organize a training session by providing the primary source materials, learning programs, projector, and internet programs to the trainer. The facilitator knows how to create an inclusive learning environment to by meeting the industry professional standards. The facilitator knows that the training session should be facilitated learner-oriented aimed at drawing the learners attention to learn the new skills and knowledge. The facilitator is the person who determines the success of the training session through his ideas, agenda, actions, and decisions. The facilitator knows the way to reach the best learning reflecting the skills and knowledge of the audience members by using video presentation, slides, discussions notes, demonstrations, group discussions, case studies, lectures, and case studies. The facilitator involves the high level of contents of the research topic, leaning styles and approaches, and collaborative problem-solvingin the training session (Shaw, 2014). The facilitator knows how to reach the best training outcomes by planning the training schedules, activities, primary source material, and learning methods. The facilitator establishes the working agreements and rules of the training session to inform the participants to know the group norms and expectations. Goals Statement The goals statement for this training session will be attaining the optimum productivity and good performance outcomes by meeting the industry professional standards of the employees. This training session will include the following goals:- To become a productive workplace by developing the skills, knowledge, and job competenciesof the executive audience members through learning programs To enhance the employees performances and productivity through gaining their commitment and high motivation level by using the personality development methods and learning programs (Krizan, Merrier, Logan, and Williams, 2010) To determine what the audiences want to know at the end of training session To utilize learning programs, online studies, case studies, demonstrations, group discussions, communication books, magazines, and e-journals to assist the trainer in order to improve the communication skills, decision-making skills, interpersonal skills, and personality development abilities E Learning objectives The learning objectives of the executive training session will be associated with enhancing the professional skills, job competencies, and current knowledge of the audience members required to meet the organizational goals and objectives effectively. The following learning objectives will be determined for ensuring the success of the learning session:- To assess the employees performances by examining their strengths and weaknesses To evaluate the success of the training session by attaining the positive results from the session To ensure the professional standardsof the participants by providing them adequate job knowledge through the specific training schedule To minimize the weaknesses or weak points of the employees by working on their weak areas To establish the means of providing them effective job knowledge required for performing the actions, duties, and tasks To hold the training session learner-oriented based on employees learning skills and performance criteria (Newman, 2013) To assist the trainer articulate exactly what the audiences or learners want to know at the end of the training Guide the development of the appropriate learning methods, contents, and materials by the trainer to facilitate learning-oriented training for the development of the employees To determine whether training is in continuing in the right direction by ensuring the desired programs goals and objectives are achieved To ascertain what kinds of skills, knowledge, and job competencies required for the participants to perform effectively toward for the attainment of organizational goals and objectives Conclusion This assessment described the learning objectives and goals statement of the training session, audiences know-how, facilitators knowledge, and current skills level and knowledge of the audiences. By planning the training session, the weak skills, lack knowledge, and job competencies would be expected to be improved to the great extent. References Dwyer (2012)Communication for Business and the Professions: Strategies and Skills. Australia: Pearson Higher Education AU. Goodall, H. L., Jr., Goodall, S., and Schiefelbein, J. (2009)Business and Professional Communication in the Global Workplace. USA: Cengage Learning. Hammersley, R., and Reid, M. (2014)Communicating Successfully in Groups: A Practical Guide for the Workplace. UK: Routledge. Hartley, P. and Chatterton, P. (2015)Business Communication: Rethinking your professional practice for the post-digital age. UK: Routledge. Krizan, B. C. A., Merrier, P., Logan, P. J., and Williams, S. K. (2010) Business Communication. USA: Cengage Learning. Newman, A. (2013)Business Communication: In Person, In Print, Online. USA: Cengage Learning. Shaw, G. (2014)The Art of Business Communication: How to use pictures, charts and graphs to make your business message stick. UK: Pearson Education.

The Photographic Conditions of Surrealism Essay Example For Students

The Photographic Conditions of Surrealism Essay I open my subject with a comparison. On the one hand, there is Man Ray s Monument to de Sade, a photograph made in 1933 for the magazine Le Surreal isme au sendee de la resolution. On the other, there is a self-portrait by Florence Henri, given wide exposure by its appearance in the 1929 Foto-Auge. a publica tion that catalogued the European avant-gardes position with regard to photogra phy.1 This comparison involves, then, a slight adulteration of my subject surrealism—by introducing an image deeply associated with the Bauhaus. For Florence Henri had been a student of Moholy-Nagy, although at the time of Foto Auge she had returned to Paris. Of course the purity of Foto-Auges statement had already been adulterated by the presence within its covers of certain surrealist associates, like Man Ray, Maurice Tabard, and E. Ð ¢. I. Mesens. But by and large Foto-Auge is dominated by German material and can be conceived of as organiz ing a Bauhaus view of photography, a view that we n ow think of as structured by the Vorkorss obsession with form. Indeed, one way of eavesdropping on a Bauhaus-derived experience of this photograph is to read its analysis from the introduction to a recent reprint xrtfolio of Henris work. Remarking that she is known almost exclusively through this self-portrait, the writer continues. Its concentration and structure are so perfect that its quintessence is at once apparent. The forceful impression it produces derives principally from the subject’s intense gaze at her own reflection. . . . We will write a custom essay on The Photographic Conditions of Surrealism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Her gaze passes   dispassionately through the mirror and is returned—parallel to the lines made by the joints in the table. . . . The balls—normally symbols of movement—here strengthen the impression of stillness and undis turbed contemplation. . . . They have been assigned a position at the vertex of the picture. . . their exact position at the same time lends stability to the structure and provides the dominant element of the human reflec tion with the necessary contrast.2 In light of the writers determination to straightjacket this image within the limits of an abstracting, mechanically formalist discourse, the strategy behind a juxtaM)sition of Man Rays photograph with Florence Henri’s becomes apparent. Because the comparison forces attention away from the contents of the Henri whether those contents arc conceived of as psychological (the intense gaze† and its dispassionate stare) or as formal (the establishment of stillness through structural stability, etc.). And being turned from the photograph’s contents, one’s attention is relocated on the container—on what could be called the character of the frame as sign or emblem. For the Henri and the Man Ray share the same recourse to the definition of a photographic subject through the act of framing it, even as they share the same enframing shape. In both cases one is treated to the capture of the photographic subject by the frame, and in both, this capture has a sexual import. In the Man Ray the act of rotation, which transmutes the sign of the cross into the figure of the phallus, juxtaposes an emblem of the Sadean act of sacrilege with an image of the object of its sexual pleasure. And two further aspects of this image bespeak the structural reciprocity between frame and image, container and contained. 1he lighting of the buttocks and thighs of the subject is such that physical density drains off the body as it moves from the center of the image, so that by the time ones gaze approaches the margins, flesh has become so generalized and flattened as to be assimilated to printed page. Given this threat of dissipation of physical substance, the frame is experienced as shoring up the collapsing structure of corporeality and guaranteeing its density by the rather conceptual gesture of drawing limits, lliis sense of the structural intervention of frame inside contents is further deepened by the morphological consonance—what we could call the visual rhyming—between shape of frame and shape of figure: for the linear intersections set up by the clefts and folds in the photographed anatomy mimic the master sha|e of the frame. Never could the object of violation have been depicted as more willing. In Florence Henris self-portrait there is a similar play between flatness and fullness, as there is a parallel sense of the phallic frame as both maker and captor of the sitters image. Within the spell of this comparison, the chromed balls function to project the experience of phallidsm into the center of the image, setting up (as in the Man Ray) a system of reiteration and echo; and this seems far more imperatively their role than that of promoting the formal values of stillness and balance. .u1a562f172ce57590118adae713afbc17 , .u1a562f172ce57590118adae713afbc17 .postImageUrl , .u1a562f172ce57590118adae713afbc17 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1a562f172ce57590118adae713afbc17 , .u1a562f172ce57590118adae713afbc17:hover , .u1a562f172ce57590118adae713afbc17:visited , .u1a562f172ce57590118adae713afbc17:active { border:0!important; } .u1a562f172ce57590118adae713afbc17 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1a562f172ce57590118adae713afbc17 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1a562f172ce57590118adae713afbc17:active , .u1a562f172ce57590118adae713afbc17:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1a562f172ce57590118adae713afbc17 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1a562f172ce57590118adae713afbc17 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1a562f172ce57590118adae713afbc17 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1a562f172ce57590118adae713afbc17 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1a562f172ce57590118adae713afbc17:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1a562f172ce57590118adae713afbc17 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1a562f172ce57590118adae713afbc17 .u1a562f172ce57590118adae713afbc17-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1a562f172ce57590118adae713afbc17:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A History of Portraiture EssayIt can. of course, be objected that ibis comparison is tendentious. That it is a false analogy. That it suggests some kind of relationship between these two artists that cannot be there since they operate from across the rift that separates two aesthetic positions: Man Ray being a surrealist and Florence Henri being commit ted to an ideology of formal rigor and abstraction received initially from I.egcr and then from the Bauhaus. It can be argued that if there is a kind of phallicism in Henris portrait, it is there inadvertently; she could not really have intended it. As art history becomes increasingly positivist, it holds more and more to th e view that intention is some internal, prior mental event causally connec ted with outward effects, which remain lire evidence for its having occurred, and thus, to say that works of art are intentional objects is to say that each bit of them is separately intended.5 Bui, sharing neither this positivism nor this view of consciousness. I have no scruples in using the comparative method   wrest this image from the protective hold of Miss Henris intention and to open it, by analogy, to a whole range of production that was taking place at the same time and in the same locale. Yet with these two images I do not mean to introduce an exercise in comparative iconography. As I said, the area of interest is far less in the contents of these photographs than it is in their frame. Which is to say that if there is any question of phallicisin here, it is to Ire found within the whole photographic enterprise of framing and thereby capturing a subject. Its conditions can be generalized way beyond the specifics of sexual imagery to a structural logic that subsumes this particular image and accounts for a wide number of decisions made by photographers of this time, both with regard to subject and to form. The name that an entirely different field of critical theory gives to this structural logic is the economy of the supplement.* And what I intend to reveal in the relatedness of photographic practice in France and Germany in the 1920s and 30s is a shared conception of photography as defined by the supplement. But I am getting ahead of my argument. My reason at the outset for introducing my subject by means of comparison is that I wish to invoke the comparative method as such, the comparative method as it was introduced into art-historical practice in order to focus on a wholly different object than that of intention. The comparative method was fashioned to net the illusive historical beast called style, a prey which, because it was transpersonal, was understood as being quite beyond the claims of either individual authorship or intention. This is why Wolfflin believed the lair of style to be the decorative arts rather than the domain of masterpieces, why he looked for it Morelli-fashion in those areas that would Ire the product of inattention, a lack of specific design† going so far as to claim that the whole development of world views was to be found in the history of the relationship of gables. Now it is precisely style that continues to Ire a vexing problem for anyone dealing with surrealist art. Commenting on the formal heterogeneity of a movement that could encompass the abstract liquifaction of Mir6 on the one hand, and the d ry tealism of Magritte oi Dali on the other. William Rubin addresses this problem of style, declaring that we cannot formulate a definition of Surrealist painting comparable in clarity with the meanings of Impressionism and Cubism. †Yet as a scholar who has to think his way into and around the mass of material that is said to be surrealist. Rubin feels in need of what he calls an intrinsic definition of Surrealist painting. And so he produces what he claims to be the first such definition ever proposed.† His definition is that there arc two poles of surrealist endeavor—the automatisi/abstract and the aca demic/illusionist—the two poles corresponding to the Freudian twin props of Surrealist theory, namely automatism (or free association) and dreams. Although these two pictorial modes look very unlike indeed. Rubin continues, they can be united around the concept of the irrationally conceived metaphoric image. Now, in 1925 Andre* Breton began to examine the subject surrealism and painting, and from the outset he characterized his material in terms of the very twin poles—automatism and dream—and the subject matter of Rubins later definition.6 If forty years afterward Rubin w as so unhappy with Breton’s attempt at a synthetic statement that he had to claim to have produced the first such definition ever, it is undoubtedly because Rubin, like everyone else, has been unconvinced that Bretons was a definition in the first place. If one wishes to produce a synthesis between A and B. it is not enough simply to say. A plus B.† A synthesis is rather different from a list. And it has long been apparent that a catalogue of subject matter held in common is neither necessary nor sufficient to produce the kind of coherence one is referring to by the notion of style. If Rubin’s nondefinition is a mirror-image of Bretons earlier one, this relationship is important, because it locates Bretons own theory as a source for the problem confronting all subsequent discussions. But Breton, as the most central spokesman for surrealism, is an obstacle one must surmount; one cannot avoid him, if the issue is to deal with the movement comprehensivelyas one must if a synthetic notion like style is involved. The same failure to think the formal heterogeneity of Miro and Magritte into something like stylistic unity plagues every effort of Breton as theoretician of the movement. Attempting to define surrealism, Breton produces instead a series of contradictions which, like the one between the linearity of Magritte and the colorism of Miro, strike one as being irreducible. .ua82c2ac67806e506eee4be38d7a311aa , .ua82c2ac67806e506eee4be38d7a311aa .postImageUrl , .ua82c2ac67806e506eee4be38d7a311aa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua82c2ac67806e506eee4be38d7a311aa , .ua82c2ac67806e506eee4be38d7a311aa:hover , .ua82c2ac67806e506eee4be38d7a311aa:visited , .ua82c2ac67806e506eee4be38d7a311aa:active { border:0!important; } .ua82c2ac67806e506eee4be38d7a311aa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua82c2ac67806e506eee4be38d7a311aa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua82c2ac67806e506eee4be38d7a311aa:active , .ua82c2ac67806e506eee4be38d7a311aa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua82c2ac67806e506eee4be38d7a311aa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua82c2ac67806e506eee4be38d7a311aa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua82c2ac67806e506eee4be38d7a311aa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua82c2ac67806e506eee4be38d7a311aa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua82c2ac67806e506eee4be38d7a311aa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua82c2ac67806e506eee4be38d7a311aa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua82c2ac67806e506eee4be38d7a311aa .ua82c2ac67806e506eee4be38d7a311aa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua82c2ac67806e506eee4be38d7a311aa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Alfred Stieglitz Biography EssayThus, Breton introduces Surrealism and Painting† with a declaration of the absolute value of vision among the sensory modes. Rejecting the late nineteenth-century die turn, that all art should aspire to the condition of music, an idea very much alive among twentieth-century abstract artists, Breton insists that visual images attain what music never can, and he bids this great medium farewell with the words, â€Å"so may night continue to descend upon the orchestra.† His hymn of praise to vision had begun, The eye exists in its savage state. Tire marvels of the earth . . . have as their sole witness the wild eye that traces all i ts colors back to the rainbow.† And by this statement he is contrasting the immcdi Ð °Ã' Ã'Æ' of vision—its perceptual automatism, as it were—to the premeditated, reflective gait of thought. The savageness of vision is good. pure, uncontaminatcd by ratiocination; the calculations of reason (which Breton never fails to call bourgeois reason†) are controlling, degenerate, bad. Besides being untainted by reason, visions primacy results from the way its objects are present to it, through an immediacy and transparency that compels belief. Indeed, Breton often presents surreal isin-as-a-whole as defined by visuality. In the First Manifesto he locates the very invention of psychic automatism within the experience of hypnogogic images—that is. of half-waking, half-dreaming,visual experience.